The Raw Story

Friday, 23 January 2015

Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman

A new study has used advanced imaging techniques to identify previously unknown tattoos on the ribcage of the 5300-year old man known as Ötzi, bringing his total number of tattoos to 61.

But first, some context

In September of 1991 hikers in the Ötzal Alps along the border of Austria and Italy happened upon the mummified corpse who became an archaeological celebrity. After Ötzi died at the hands of unknown attackers one late spring or early summer around 3500 BC, his body and belongings were left in a small gully where they were entombed beneath an alpine glacier. A combination of glacial meltwater and extreme cold resulted in natural mummification of his body.

Thanks to more than two decades of analysis, scientists arguably know more about Ötzi's health and final days than those of any other ancient human. He died at around 45 years of age after being shot in the back with a stone-tipped arrow and bludgeoned. In the 12 hours preceding his death he climbed into the mountains from an Italian valley, and ate a last meal consisting of grains and ibex meat.

Ötzi suffered a variety of ailments, including advanced gum disease, gallbladder stones, lyme disease, whipworms in his colon, and atherosclerosis. Researchers have sequenced Ötzi's entire genome, identified a genetic predisposition to heart disease, and determined that he has 19 surviving male relatives in his genetic lineage. However, a new studyshows the Iceman still has secrets left to reveal.

Now for the tattoo part

Ötzi was tattooed, and offers the earliest direct evidence that tattooing was practiced in Europe by at least the Chalcolithic period. However, until now it has been difficult to conclusively catalog all of his marks. Ötzi's epidermis naturally darkened from prolonged exposure to sub-zero temperatures as he lay beneath the glacier, and as a result some of his tattoos became faint or invisible to the naked eye. Consequently previous studies have identified between 47 and 60 tattoos on the Iceman's body.

For several decades scientists have recognized that advanced imaging techniques, and particularly the near-infrared spectral region, can be used to reveal faint or invisible tattoos on ancient mummified remains. These techniques are effective because the carbon that comprised most ancient tattoo ink absorbs certain wavelengths differently than the human epidermis. Therefore when mummified skin is illuminated using those wavelengths, carbon-based tattoos appears much darker than the surrounding untattooed skin.

The new examination of Ötzi by Marco Samadelli, Marcello Melis, Matteo Miccoli, Eduard Egarter Vigl, and Albert R. Zink consisted of non-invasive multispectral photographic imaging performed on the Iceman at his home in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. The researchers first slightly thawed Ötzi's body, which is ordinarily kept at 21.2 °F, in order to eliminate the ice layer from his skin. On reaching 29.2 °F, he was photographed from all sides using a modified 36 MP digital SLR camera outfitted with filters to capture images in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. These images were then processed using specially-designed software capable of distinguishing and analyzing seven wavelength bands for every recorded pixel. This method, which the authors call "7-Band Hypercolorimetric Multispectral Imaging," allows for detection of color differences even in the non-visible spectral range.

Samadelli and colleagues were able to detect a previously unrecorded group of tattoos on Ötzi's lower right rib cage. Those marks consist of four parallel lines between 20 and 25 mm long and are invisible to the naked eye. According to the authors, these make up "the first tattoo ... detected on the Iceman's frontal part of the torso."

The researchers also created a complete catalog of Ötzi's tattoos. These include 19 groups of tattooed lines, for a total of 61 marks ranging from 1 to 3 mm in thickness and 7 to 40 mm in length. With the exception of perpendicular crosses on the right knee and left ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist, the tattooed lines all run parallel to one another and to the longitudinal axis of the body. The greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together bear 12 groups of lines.

And no, they weren't a tribute to his girlfriend

While the different combinations of lines in Ötzi's tattoos may have held some underlying symbolic meaning, it appears that their function was primarily medicinal or therapeutic. Previous research has revealed that 80% of the Iceman's tattoos correspond to classic Chinese acupuncture points used to treat rheumatism, while other tattoos are located along acupuncture meridians used to treat ailments such as back pain and abdominal disorders, from which Ötzi also suffered. In his 2012 book , anthropologist Dr. Lars Krutak documents an experiment in which Colin Dale of Skin & Bone Tattoo in Copenhagen determined that hand-poked tattoos applied to acupuncture points using a bone needle "could produce a sustained therapeutic effect," successfully relieving ailments such as rheumatism, tinnitus, and headaches.

Samadelli and colleagues note that Ötzi's newly-identified tattoos are not located above a joint, and suggest that this particular group of lines was therefore not related to the treatment of lower back pain or degenerative joint diseases. However, after reading the article Krutak was intrigued by the possibility that the new tattoos might be located on or near other classical acupuncture points or meridians, and if so "Perhaps these could be traced to Ötzi's known pathological conditions, such as gallbladder stones, whipworms in his colon and atherosclerosis."

Krutak consulted Gillian Powers (M.Ac., L.Ac.), a licensed acupuncturist in Washington, DC, who reported that acupuncture points near the newly-recorded tattoos "can be used to treat the symptoms associated with whipworms (abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea) and gallstones (abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, etc.), as well as breathing issues." Powers also noted that the location of the new tattoos is in close proximity to the gallbladder itself, and therefore could have additional effects on gallstone pain.

The new study was published online this week in the .

Chomsky: We Are All – Fill in the Blank.

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Residents in a seaside town where the entire beach was washed away by a freak high tide are celebrating - after it came BACK.

Locals in Porthleven in Cornwall were left scratching their heads after a severe high tide removed ALL the sand on their beach, and replaced with jagged rocks covered in seaweed and algae.

Photos from the scene showed promenade steps that used run down into the lush sand leading to a sharp drop onto rocks.

But locals were celebrating today after the sand was brought back - leaving them with a golden coast again.

Councillor Andrew Wallis said the beach returned "completely naturally" confirming that "Mother Nature" put the sand back, not the council.

He said: "The beach had never had that little sand in living memory.

"This area is quite prone to long shire drift and sometimes it is more extreme than others. This time was definitely on the more extreme side."

An oceanographer from Porthleven, Alan Jorgensen, said he has never seen the level of sand so low in all his years in the village.

He said: "I've never seen it like this before. It was a bit of a surprise to be honest."

After nearly 20 years as ruler of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah ibn-Abdulaziz al-Saud died last night at the age of 90. Abdullah, who took power after his predecessor King Fahd suffered a stroke in 1995, ruled as absolute monarch of a country which protected American interests but also sowed strife and extremism throughout the Middle East and the world.

In a statement last night Senator John McCain eulogized Abdullah as "a vocal advocate for peace, speaking out against violence in the Middle East". John Kerry described the late monarch as "a brave partner in fighting violent extremism" and "a proponent of peace". Not to be outdone, Vice President Joe Biden released a statement mourning Abdullah and announced that he would be personally leading a presidential delegation to offer condolences on his passing.

It's not often that the unelected leader of a country which publicly flogs dissidents and beheads people for sorcery wins such glowing praise from American officials. Even more perplexing, perhaps, have been the fawning obituaries in the mainstream press which have faithfully echoed this characterization of Abdullah as a benign and well-intentioned man of peace.

Tiptoeing around his brutal dictatorship, characterized Abdullah as a "wily king" while inexplicably referred to him as "a force of moderation", while also suggesting that evidence of his moderation included having had: "hundreds of militants arrested and some beheaded" (emphasis added).

While granting that Abdullah might be considered a relative moderate within the brazenly anachronistic House of Saud, the fact remains that he presided for two decades over a regime which engaged in wanton human rights abuses, instrumentalized religious chauvinism, and played a hugely counterrevolutionary role in regional politics.

Above all, he was not a leader who shied away from both calling for and engineering more conflict in the Middle East.

In contrast to Senator McCain's description of Abdullah as "a vocal advocate of peace", a State Department diplomatic cable released by Wikileaks revealed him in fact directly advocating for the United States to start wars in the region.

In a quote recorded in a 2008 diplomatic cable, Abdullah exhorted American officials to "cut the head off the snake" by launching fresh military action against Iran. Notably, this war advocacy came in the midst of the still-ongoing bloodshed of the Iraq War, which had apparently left him unfazed about the prospect of a further escalation in regional warfare.

Abdullah's government also waged hugely destructive proxy conflicts wherever direct American intervention on its behalf was not forthcoming. Indeed, in the case of almost every Arab Spring uprising, Saudi Arabia attempted to intervene forcefully in order to either shore up existing regimes or shape revolutions to conform with their own interests.

In Bahrain, Saudi forces intervened to crush a popular uprising which had threatened the rule of the ruling al-Khalifa monarchy, while in Syria Saudi-backed factions have helped turn what was once a popular democratic uprising into a bloody, intractable proxy war between regional rivals which is now a main driver of extremism in the Middle East.

Saudi efforts at counterrevolution and co-optation under Abdullah took more obliquely brutal forms as well.

In the midst of the 2011 revolution in Egypt, when seemingly the entire world was rallying in support of the protestors in Tahrir Square, King Abdullah stood resolutely and unapologetically on the side of Hosni Mubarak's regime. When it seemed like Mubarak was wavering in the face of massive popular protests, the king offered to step in with economic aid for his government and demanded that President Obama ensure he not be "cast aside".

A few years later when the pendulum swung back towards dictatorship after General Abdelfattah al Sisi's bloody 2013 coup, Abdullah and his fellow monarchs were there to lavish much needed financial assistance upon the new regime. This support came with the endorsement of Sisi's unrelentingly brutal crackdown on Egypt's former revolutionaries.

With increasingly disastrous consequences, Abdullah's government also employed sectarianism as a force to help divide-and-conquer regional populations and insulate his own government from the threat of uprising. It also cynically utilized its official religious authorities to try and equate political dissent with sinfulness.

This ostentatiously reckless behavior nevertheless seemed to win Abdullah's regime the tacit approval of the American government, which steadfastly continued to treat him as a partner in fighting terrorism and maintaining regional stability.

Despite recent tensions over American policy towards Iran and Syria, Saudi under King Abdullah played a vital role in U.S. counterterrorism operations. The country quietly hosts a CIA drone base used for conducting strikes into Yemen, including the strike believed to have killed American-born preacher Anwar al-Awlaki. More controversially, Abdullah's government is also believed to have provided extensive logistical support for American military operations during the invasion of Iraq; an uncomfortable fact which the kingdom has understandably tried to keep quiet with its own population.

Perhaps most importantly however, King Abdullah upheld the economic cornerstones of America's long and fateful alliance with Saudi Arabia: arms purchases and the maintenance of a reliable flow of oil from the country to global markets. The one Saudi king who in past failed to hold up part of this agreement met with an untimely end, and was seemingly on less positive terms American government officials.

Given the foundations upon which American-Saudi ties rest, its unlikely that the relationship will be drastically altered by the passing of King Abdullah and the succession of his brother Prince Salman. Regardless of how venal, reckless, or brutal his government may choose to be, as long as it protects American interests in the Middle East it will inevitably be showered with plaudits and support, just as its predecessor was.

© Unknown

Netanyahu: "What we need right now is a clear message to the people of this country. This message must be read in every newspaper, heard on every radio, seen on every television... I want *everyone* to *remember*, why they *need* us!"

Exclusive: Conservative Pat Buchanan once got in trouble by calling Capitol Hill "Israeli occupied territory," but even he might not imagine what's happening now - with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu invited to address a joint session of Congress to decry President Obama's foreign policy, Robert Parry notes.

Showing who some in Congress believe is the real master of U.S. foreign policy, House Speaker John Boehner has invited Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to address a joint session and offer a rebuttal to President Barack Obama's comments on world affairs in his State of the Union speech.

Boehner made clear that Netanyahu's third speech to a joint session of the U.S. Congress - scheduled for Feb. 11 - was meant to counter Obama's assessments. "There is a serious threat in the world, and the President last night kind of papered over it," Boehner said on Wednesday. "And the fact is that there needs to be a more serious conversation in America about how serious the threat is from radical Islamic jihadists and the threat posed by Iran."

The scheduling of Netanyahu's speech caught the White House off-guard, since the Israeli prime minister had apparently not bothered to clear his trip with the administration. The Boehner-Netanyahu arrangement demonstrates a mutual contempt for this President's authority to conduct American foreign policy as prescribed by the U.S. Constitution.

In the past when Netanyahu has spoken to Congress, Republicans and Democrats have competed to show their devotion by quickly and frequently leaping to their feet to applaud almost every word out of the Israeli prime minister's mouth. By addressing a joint session for a third time, Netanyahu would become only the second foreign leader to do so, joining British Prime Minister Winston Churchill who never used the platform to demean the policies of a sitting U.S. president.

Besides this extraordinary recognition of another country's leader as the true definer of U.S. foreign policy, Boehner's move reflects an ignorance of what is actually occurring on the ground in the Middle East. Boehner doesn't seem to realize that Netanyahu has developed what amounts to a de facto alliance with extremist Sunni forces in the region.

Not only is Israel now collaborating behind the scenes with Saudi Arabia's Wahhabist leadership but Israel has begun taking sides militarily in support of the Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's affiliate in the Syrian civil war. A source familiar with U.S. intelligence information on Syria said Israel has a "non-aggression pact" with Nusra forces that control territory adjacent to the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.

The quiet cooperation between Israel and al-Qaeda's affiliate was further underscored on Sunday when Israeli helicopters attacked and killed advisers to the Syrian military from Lebanon's Hezbollah and Iran. In other words, Israel has dispatched its forces into Syria to kill military personnel helping to fight al-Nusra. Iran later confirmed that one of its generals had died in the Israeli strike.

Israel's tangled alliances with Sunni forces have been taking shape over the past several years, as Israel and Saudi Arabia emerged as strange bedfellows in the geopolitical struggle against Shiite-ruled Iran and its allies in Iraq, Syria and southern Lebanon. Both Saudi and Israeli leaders have talked with growing alarm about this "Shiite crescent" stretching from Iran through Iraq and Syria to the Hezbollah strongholds in Lebanon.

Favoring Sunni Extremists

Senior Israelis have made clear they would prefer Sunni extremists to prevail in the Syrian civil war rather than President Bashar al-Assad, who is an Alawite, a branch of Shiite Islam. Assad's relatively secular government is seen as the protector of Shiites, Christians and other minorities who fear the vengeful brutality of the Sunni jihadists who now dominate the anti-Assad rebels.

In one of the most explicit expressions of Israel's views, its Ambassador to the United States Michael Oren, a close adviser to Netanyahu, told the Jerusalem Post in September 2013 that Israel favored the Sunni extremists over Assad.

"The greatest danger to Israel is by the strategic arc that extends from Tehran, to Damascus to Beirut. And we saw the Assad regime as the keystone in that arc," Oren told the Jerusalem Post in an interview. "We always wanted Bashar Assad to go, we always preferred the bad guys who weren't backed by Iran to the bad guys who were backed by Iran." He said this was the case even if the "bad guys" were affiliated with al-Qaeda.

Saudi Arabia shares Israeli's strategic view that "the Shiite crescent" must be broken and has thus developed a rapport with Netanyahu's government in a kind of "enemy of my enemy is my friend" relationship. But some rank-and-file Jewish supporters of Israel have voiced concerns about Israel's newfound alliance with the Saudi monarchy, especially given its adherence to ultraconservative Wahhabi Islam and its embrace of a fanatical hatred of Shiite Islam, a sectarian conflict between Sunnis and Shiites that dates back 1,400 years.

Though President Obama has repeatedly declared his support for Israel, he has developed a contrary view from Netanyahu's regarding what is the gravest danger in the Middle East. Obama considers the radical Sunni jihadists, associated with al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, to be the biggest threat to Western interests and U.S. national security.

That has put him in a different de facto alliance - with Iran and the Syrian government - since they represent the strongest bulwarks against Sunni jihadists who have targeted Americans and other Westerners for death.

What Boehner doesn't seem to understand is that Israel and Saudi Arabia have placed themselves on the side of the Sunni jihadists who now represent the frontline fight against the "Shiite crescent." If Netanyahu succeeds in enlisting the United States in violently forcing Syrian "regime change," the U.S. government likely would be facilitating the growth in power of the Sunni extremists, not containing them.

But the influential American neoconservatives want to synch U.S. foreign policy with Israel's and thus have pressed for a U.S. bombing campaign against Assad's forces (even if that would open the gates of Damascus to the Nusra Front or the Islamic State). The neocons also want an escalation of tensions with Iran by sabotaging an agreement to ensure that its nuclear program is not used for military purposes.

The neocons have long wanted to bomb-bomb-bomb Iran as part of their "regime change" strategy for the Middle East. That is why Obama's openness to a permanent agreement for tight constraints on Iran's nuclear program is seen as a threat by Netanyahu, the neocons and their congressional allies - because it would derail hopes for militarily attacking Iran.

In his State of the Union address on Tuesday, Obama made clear that he perceives the brutal Islamic State, which he calls "ISIL" for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, as the principal current threat to Western interests in the Middle East and the clearest terror threat to the United States and Europe. Obama proposed "a smarter kind of American leadership" that would cooperate with allies in "stopping ISIL's advance" without "getting dragged into another ground war in the Middle East."

Working with Putin

Thus, Obama, who might be called a "closet realist," is coming to the realization that the best hope for blocking the advances of Sunni jihadi terror and minimizing U.S. military involvement is through cooperation with Iran and its regional allies. That also puts Obama on the same side with Russian President Vladimir Putin who has faced Sunni terrorism in Chechnya and is supporting both Iran's leaders and Syria's Assad in their resistance to the Islamic State and al-Qaeda's Nusra Front.

Obama's "realist" alliance, in turn, presents a direct threat to Netanyahu's insistence that Iran represents an "existential threat" to Israel and that the "Shiite crescent" must be destroyed. There is also fear among Israeli right-wingers that an effective Obama-Putin collaboration could ultimately force Israel into accepting a Palestinian state.

So, Netanyahu and the U.S. neocons believe they must do whatever is necessary to shatter this tandem of Obama, Putin and Iran. That is one reason why the neocons were at the forefront of fomenting "regime change" against Ukraine's elected pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych last year. By splintering Ukraine on Russia's border, the neocons drove a wedge between Obama and Putin. [See Consortiumnews.com's "Neocons' Ukraine-Syria-Iran Gambit."]

Even the slow-witted mainstream U.S. media has begun to pick up on the story of the emerging Israeli-Saudi alliance. In the Jan. 19 issue of Time magazine, correspondent Joe Klein noted the new coziness between top Israeli and Saudi officials.

He wrote: "On May 26, 2014, an unprecedented public conversation took place in Brussels. Two former high-ranking spymasters of Israel and Saudi Arabia - Amos Yadlin and Prince Turki al-Faisal - sat together for more than an hour, talking regional politics in a conversation moderated by the Washington Post's David Ignatius.

"They disagreed on some things, like the exact nature of an Israel-Palestine peace settlement, and agreed on others: the severity of the Iranian nuclear threat, the need to support the new military government in Egypt, the demand for concerted international action in Syria. The most striking statement came from Prince Turki. He said the Arabs had 'crossed the Rubicon' and 'don't want to fight Israel anymore.'"

Not only did Prince Turki offer an olive branch to Israel, he indicated agreement on what the two countries consider their most pressing strategic interests: Iran's nuclear program and Syria's civil war. In other words, in noting this extraordinary meeting, Klein had stumbled upon the odd-couple alliance between Israel and Saudi Arabia - though he didn't fully understand what he was seeing.

On Tuesday, the New York Times reported that Obama had shifted his position on Syria as the West made a "quiet retreat from its demand" that Assad "step down immediately." The article by Anne Barnard and Somini Sengupta noted that the Obama administration still wanted Assad to exit eventually "but facing military stalemate, well-armed jihadists and the world's worst humanitarian crisis, the United States is going along with international diplomatic efforts that could lead to more gradual change in Syria."

At the center of that diplomatic initiative was Russia, again reflecting Obama's recognition of the need to cooperate with Putin on resolving some of these complex problems (although Obama did include in his speech some tough-guy rhetoric against Russia over Ukraine, taking some pleasure in how Russia's economy is now "in tatters").

But the underlying reality is that the United States and Assad's regime have become de facto allies, fighting on the same side in the Syrian civil war, much as Israel had, in effect, sided with al-Qaeda's Nusra Front by killing Hezbollah and Iranian advisers to the Syrian military.

The Times article noted that the shift in Obama's position on Syrian peace talks "comes along with other American actions that Mr. Assad's supporters and opponents take as proof Washington now believes that if Mr. Assad is ousted, there will be nothing to check the spreading chaos and extremism.

"American planes now bomb the Islamic State group's militants in Syria, sharing skies with Syrian jets. American officials assure Mr. Assad, through Iraqi intermediaries, that Syria's military is not their target. The United States still trains and equips Syrian insurgents, but now mainly to fight the Islamic State, not the government."

Yet, as Obama adjusts U.S. foreign policy to take into account the complex realities in the Middle East, he now faces another front in this conflict - from the U.S. Congress, which has long been held in thrall by the Israel lobby.

Not only has Speaker Boehner appealed to Netanyahu to deliver what amounts to a challenge to President Obama's foreign policy but congressional neocons are even accusing Obama's team of becoming Iranian stooges. Sen. Robert Menendez of New Jersey, a Democratic neocon, said, "The more I hear from the administration and its quotes, the more it sounds like talking points that come straight out of Tehran."

If indeed Netanyahu does end up addressing a joint session of the U.S. Congress, its members would face a stark choice of either embracing Israel's foreign policy as America's or backing the decisions made by the elected President of the United States.

[For more on Obama and the neocons, see Consortiumnews.com's "Neocons: The Anti-Realists."]

Investigative reporter Robert Parry broke many of the Iran-Contra stories for The Associated Press and Newsweek in the 1980s. You can buy his latest book, America's Stolen Narrative, either in print here or as an e-book (from Amazon and barnesandnoble.com ). You also can order Robert Parry's trilogy on the Bush Family and its connections to various right-wing operatives for only $34. The trilogy includes America's Stolen Narrative. For details on this offer, click here .

Recommended article: Chomsky: We Are All – Fill in the Blank.

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MP Simon Danczuk was about to challenge Lord Brittan (centre) about what he knew about child sex abuse. Flanking Leon Brittan are Tory grandees Edward Heath and Willie Whitelaw

The Prime Minister has led tributes to Lord Brittan, the former Home Secretary, whose retirement after years of public service has been dogged by controversy over the alleged cover-up of child abuse on his watch.

The death of Lord Brittan, at the age of 75 from cancer, was greeted with sorrow by his family and the admiration of his political peers, but with disappointment from abuse victims' groups seeking answers about an alleged establishment paedophile ring.

As the youngest Home Secretary since Winston Churchill, Lord Brittan was a key member of Cabinet after the Conservative landslide of 1983 swept Margaret Thatcher back to power.

He was a central figure in the controversy over the policing of the miners' strike and the Libyan embassy siege that resulted in the fatal shooting of PC Yvonne Fletcher. He was forced to resign from the cabinet over the Westland affair and spent a decade in Brussels as one of the UK's European commissioners.

"Leon Brittan was a dedicated and fiercely intelligent public servant," David Cameron said. "As a central figure in Margaret Thatcher's government, he helped her transform our country for the better by giving distinguished service as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Home Secretary and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.

"He went on to play a leading role at the European Commission where he did so much to promote free trade in Europe and across the world. My thoughts are with Leon's family and friends at this sad time for them." Sir John Major said Lord Brittan had one of the most "acute and perceptive brains" in politics that he used unsparingly for the public good.

But victims' groups spoke of their disappointment that he would not be able to face questioning by the Government's own troubled child-abuse inquiry, which was set up in part because of controversy over missing files that dated back to Lord Brittan's time as Home Secretary.

He was handed a 40-page dossier by the Tory MP Geoffrey Dickens in 1983, which allegedly documented the involvement of well-known figures in a child sex ring. The dossier has gone missing, but Lord Brittan had denied failing to act on the file.

Lord Heseltine - the other main player in the Westland helicopter affair - said that the peer had been badly affected by being dragged into claims of a cover-up of child abuse by Westminster figures.

He said he hoped he would be judged by his achievements in politics. "I believe he was a man of considerable integrity," he said. He added there was no way a Home Secretary "can tell someone to lose a document".

The Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk said the peer should have faced questions and been compelled to give evidence to the embattled inquiry into child sexual abuse.

"It's fair to say that a cloud has hung over him for a long time. If we're going to get to the truth of what happened then Theresa May needs to start making progress," the MP said. "A lot of the people who need to give evidence are in advanced years and we're running out of time."

Peter Saunders, the head of Napac, the National Association for People Abused in Childhood, said: "I hope that it impresses upon the Home Secretary the urgency of acting to get it right, and getting it going.

"It [the inquiry] has zero credibility and it has no leadership. I don't think that the inquiry is any less important now because of the death of the former Home Secretary."

Alluring new research suggests that obtaining adequate amounts of sleep during middle age may help to maintain mental functions 30 years later.

Researchers have known that obtaining appropriate amounts of sleep in young and middle-aged people helps memory and learning. Also, that as a person ages and enters into their seventh, eighth, and ninth decades, they don't sleep as much or as well - and sleep is no longer linked so much to memory.

Michael K. Scullin, Ph.D., director of Baylor University's Sleep Neuroscience and Cognition Laboratory, reviewed 50 years of sleep research and discovered some interesting findings.

"We came across studies that showed that sleeping well in middle age predicted better mental functioning 28 years later." Therefore, improving sleep early in life might delay, or even reverse, age-related changes in memory and thinking.

"It's the difference between investing up front rather than trying to compensate later," said Scullin. The article - "Sleep, Cognition, and Normal Aging: Integrating a Half Century of Multidisciplinary Research," has been published in the journal .

Scullin notes that the benefits of a sound night's sleep for young adults are diverse and unmistakable. One example is that a particular kind of "deep sleep" called "slow-(brain)-wave-sleep" helps memory by taking pieces of a day's experiences, replaying them and strengthening them for better recollection.

By the time people reach middle age, more sleep during the day, such as an afternoon nap, also helps people's memory and protects against its decline - as long they don't skimp on nighttime sleep.

"But as they grow older, people wake up more at night and have less deep sleep and dream sleep - both of which are important for overall brain functioning," Scullin said.

Researchers' extensive review began with studies as long ago as 1967, including more than approximately 200 studies measuring sleep and mental functioning. Participants ages 18 to 29 were categorized as young; ages 30 to 60 as middle-aged; and older than 60 as old.

Participants were asked how many hours they typically slept, how long it takes them to go to sleep, how often they wake in the middle of the night, and how sleepy they feel during the day.

The research also correlated results from numerous brain-wave studies and experiments dealing with sleep deprivation, napping, and sleep intervention, such as sleep medications.

Scullin noted that if a person lives 85 years, he or she may sleep nearly 250,000 hours - more than 10,000 full days.

"People sometimes disparage sleep as 'lost' time," he said.

But even if the link between sleep and memory lessens with age, "sleeping well still is linked to better mental health, improved cardiovascular health, and fewer, less severe disorders and diseases of many kinds."

They have been captured but not killed; moreover, the doctors try to bring them back to life. Our special correspondents Alexander Kots and Dmitry Steshin report from the Donbass:

At Donetsk Airport the Militia captured sixteen ATO participants. Half of these "cyborgs" (as Kiev calls the Ukrainian soldiers who fought in the terminals and dungeons of Donetsk Airport) "entered captivity" by themselves - they drove in armoured vehicles into the hottest point of the battle for the Donbass - the airport, allegedly without even knowing that it had already long since passed under the control of DPR fighters. The 'fatherly' Ukrainian commanders somehow forgot to tell their subordinates about the true combat situation at the airport.

One of the captives said that they had been given the task not of attacking the Militia, but of evacuating the wounded in an armoured tractor. Thanks to the fog, they had quietly approached the remains of the airport, but had then been quickly disarmed and sent to Donetsk. The second contingent of "cyborgs," eight people, was pulled from the rubble of the new terminal by the Militiamen themselves. In the wreckage of metal and concrete they had lain for four days. They were immediately taken from the airport to the city's emergency department.

We talked directly with the prisoners in the emergency room, where the wounded captives were being treated. They look, to put it mildly, below par. Shell-shocked, faces covered in gunpowder rash. One prisoner, an aged man, is mumbling illogically:

"I didn't surrender! I just called for help!"

The second, a large man, Anatoliy, says that he was born in Kiev and was mobilized into the army. Generally, all the captives say this - we have not met among them anyone who has honestly confessed that they volunteered to go to war against the "separatists." One can understand this since people in the Donbass have become embittered against the Ukrainian Army beyond all limits.

Tonight in Donetsk the shelling has continued. In the opinion of a local, it was "feeble." Despite that, over the course of the night and the morning, the Ukrainian artillery smashed five apartments by direct hits and completely destroyed two private houses - the rescuers managed to pull a shell-shocked woman out of a basement. In the morning the artillery hit a water pipeline feeding Donetsk and cut the water supply in the whole city. Of course, wherever it was being supplied at all.

The Raw Story

Focused on providing independent journalism.

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Friday, 23 January 2015

Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman

Beach washed away by freak high tide is returned next day in Porthleven, UK

Saudi Arabia's tyrant king misremembered as man of peace

Netanyahu invited to appeal for more carnage before U.S. Congress

Leon Brittan: Thatcher minister accused of failure to act on child sex abuse dossier dies

Obtaining adequate sleep during middle-age predicts improved mental functioning in later years

Humans vs. cyborgs: Donetsk doctors 'repair' wounded Ukrainian troops

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