Third Man Factor: The hallucinatory effects of survival

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If you're unfamiliar with the poem, it was written by T.S. Elliot after reading a strange account from famed Antarctic explorer, Ernest Shackleton. During the last leg of his 1914-1917 expedition, he was hiking with his two remaining companions, desperately trying to reach a British whaling station. They were low on food, dehydrated, poorly equipped, and very near death's door.

That's when he reported sensing an unseen member among the group. For whatever reason, he felt that there was a fourth person traveling with them, who despite being impossible to see, was a very comforting and encouraging presence. After they made it to the whaling station, Shackleton kept this detail to himself, before revealing it to a reporter many years later. After news of this encounter reached his former comrades, they too admitted to sensing this strange presence.

So what was this apparition (for lack of a better word) that Shackleton witnessed? It has since been dubbed "the third man factor" by researchers, and it has been experienced by countless survivors all over the world. It usually occurs when someone finds themselves alone in a harrowing survival situation, though sometimes it involves a shared experience between several survivors, as in Shackleton's case.

But being alone is definitely more common. In the case of Frank Smythe, one of the first explorers to attempt to climb Mount Everest, he too felt the presence of a companion after his companions decided to give up and head back to base camp. He actually broke off a piece of mint cake and tried handing it to this invisible man, before realizing there was no one there.

Sometimes it's like that. Just a subtle sense that someone is there. But other times you can hear this person talking to you, encouraging you to not give up. When James Sevigney survived an avalanche in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, he was bleeding out internally and externally, his back was broken in two places and his knees were shattered. It was in that moment he heard a voice say "No you can't give up. You have to live." He described it as if this voicing was speaking right next to his ear.

Other times, this presence takes a more physical form. When Peter Hillary was on an expedition to the South Pole in 1998, he claims that at one point he was accompanied by his mother, who had died in a car crash 20 years prior.

The only thing these case all have in common is that they involve moments of extreme stress and danger. Otherwise, they can happen in any environment in the world and have been reported by explorers, mountain climbers, divers, sailors, and prisoners of war. Even some of the survivors of 9/11 claim to have been led out of the Twin Towers by this strange force.

Which brings up an interesting thought, most scientific minds would argue that these apparitions are nothing more than a coping mechanism for a brain on the brink of death, but they don't always happen to someone who is starving in the woods for days on end. It can happen quite suddenly. It seems to be different than an exhausted brain producing hallucinations, and most claim it is beneficial. All it really takes is shock, fear, and stress. If you're under those conditions and you're alone, then you stand a good chance of experiencing the third man syndrome.

As for other explanations, you could say that this might be spiritual in nature. It certainly fits the bill of a "guardian angel." But others have argued that it's actually an ancient relic of human psychology called "the Bicameral Brain." This theory suggests that until about 3000 years ago, our brains were quite different then they are now. The hardware of the brain is the same, but our consciousness was structured in a radically different way.

It's a difficult subject to explain, but basically some researchers think that our consciousness was once divided into two halves, and we only had control over one (they base this theory on the narrative structures of ancient literature). The other half communicated to us through voices in our heads, and gave us a sense that everything around us was alive, which would explain quite a bit about what we know of ancient religions. But having a bicameral brain would be a lot like having schizophrenia, hence the reason why it died out.

Admittedly, that's a pretty strange theory, but if it's true then it wouldn't surprising to find that there are remnants of this mentality still lurking in our modern brains, which only show up when we're in survival mode. Other than that, there isn't a conclusive scientific explanation for the third man syndrome, especially when you factor in the cases of multiple survivors experiencing it simultaneously.

Whatever it is, it would probably be a good idea for preppers to familiarize themselves this strange phenomenon. Mental health is just as crucial to survival as physical health and preparedness. Knowing the symptoms means that you won't be caught off guard if it happens to you.

At the end of the day though, it's good to know that if you ever encounter this, whether it is spiritual or scientific (or pseudo-scientific) in nature, rest assured that you have not lost your marbles. You're experiencing what countless others have witnessed throughout history, and by all accounts, it is not debilitating.

Chomsky: We Are All – Fill in the Blank.

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